SUMO enzymes

SUMO enzymatic cascade

SUMO enzymatic cascade catalyzes the dynamic posttranslational modification process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of SUMO protein to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, SUMO-1,^[1][2] is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figure on the right): activation, involving the E1 enzyme (SAE1/SAE2);^[3] conjugation, involving the E2 enzyme (UBC9);^[4][5] substrate modification, through the cooperation of the E2 and E3^[6] protein ligases.^[7]
SUMO pathway modifies hundreds of proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes.^[8] SUMO pathway is the most studied ubiquitin-like pathway that regulates a wide range of cellular events,^[9] evidenced by a large number of sumoylated proteins identified in more than ten large-scale studies.^{[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}